Foraging Peoples

Settled Agriculture

Primary Urbanization

Early Mesopotamian Civilizations

Expansion and Contraction of Mesopotamian Empires

• Era of Smaller Civilizations
• Revival of Mesopotamian Empires

Cosmopolitan Empires

• Persian Empire
• Hellenistic Kingdoms
• Parthian Empire
• Byzantine Empire
• Sassanid Persia

Islamic Empires

Modern Era

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Cosmopolitan Empires in the Eastern Mediterranean

550 BC to AD 642

550-323 BC: Persian Empire 550: Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers the Medes 546: Cyrus conquers Asia Minor. 525: Cambyses conquers Egypt. 490: Battle of Marathon. 480: Xerxes invades Greece. 323-146 BC: Hellenistic Kingdoms 323: Ptolemy becomes ruler of Egypt (Ptolemaic Kingdom) 306: Seleucus founds the Seleucid Kingdom 276: Antigonus founds the Antigonid (Macedonia) Kingdom c. 250 BC to AD 225: Parthian Empire 146 BC to AD 1453: Rome and Byzantium 509-31 BC The Roman Republic 27 BC- AD 312: The Roman Empire 312-1453: The Byzantine Empire 226-642: Sassanid Persia .

Resources Primary Sources Secondary Sources

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