The Consolidation of National States:

1848-1871

The Unification of Italy: 1852-1864

1849-1878: The Reign of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia.

1852: Camillo Cavour becomes the premier of Sardinia Piedmont.

1859: Piedmont and France defeat Austria; Piedmont annexes Lombardy.

1860: Piedmont annexes Tuscany, Modena, Parma and the Romagna.

Garibaldi and his Red Shirts land in Sicily.

1861: The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed; Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia becomes King of Italy.

1866: After Prussia defeats Austria in the Seven Week's War. Italy annexes Venetia.

1870: After France declares war on Prussia, Italy annexes Rome.

The Unification of Germany: 1862-1871

1861-1888: Reign of King William I of Prussia.

1862-1890: Otto von Bismarck is Prime Minister of Prussia.

1864: Prussia and Austria defeat Denmark; Prussia annexes Holstein.

1866: Prussia defeats Austria in the Seven Week's War; Prussia annexes Hanover.

1867: Prussia creates the North German Confederation.

1870-1871: Franco-Prussian War.

1871: The German Empire is formed; Germany annexes Alsace and Lorraine.

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