Conflict between Pope and Emperor

1039-1450

The Investiture Controversy

A.D. 1039-1056 Reign of Henry III

1046 Henry deposes three rival popes and begins a period of papal reform.

1056-1106 Reign of Henry IV.

1059 Papal election decree.

1073-1085 Pontificate of Gregory VII.

1075 Gregory VII bans lay investiture.

1076 Gregory VII excommunicates and deposes Henry IV.

1077 Confrontation at Canossa between Gregory VII and Henry IV.

1080 Gregory VII again excommunicates and deposes Henry IV.

1088-1099 Pontificate of Urban II.

1106-1125 Reign of Henry V.

1122 Concordat of Worms.

Later Struggles

1152-1190 Reign of Frederick I, Barbarossa.

1154-1159 Pontificate of Hadrian IV.

1159-1181 Pontificate of Alexander III.

1180 Frederick Barbarossa defeats Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony.

1190-1197 Reign of Henry VI.

1194 Henry VI becomes king of Sicily

1198-1216 Pontificate of Innocent III.

1211-1250 Reign of Frederick II.

1215 Fourth Lateran Council.

1273-1291 Reign of Rudolf of Hapsburg.

1294-1303 Pontificate of Boniface VIII.

1302 Boniface VIII decrees Unam Sanctam.

1303 Boniface VIII is humiliated at Anagni.

1305-1314 Pontificate of Clement V. Papacy is moved to Avignon.

The Babylonian Captivity: The Pope in Avignon

Clement V, 1305-1314

John XXII, 1316-1334

Benedict XII, 1334-1342

Clement VI, 1342-1352

Innocent VI, 1352-1362

Urban V, 1362-1370

Gregory XI, 1370-1378

The Great Schism,1378-1415

The Popes in Rome Popes in Avignon Popes in Pisa

Urban VI, 1378-1389 Clement VII, 1378-1394

Boniface IX, 1389-1404 Benedict XIII, 1394- 1417

Innocent VII, 1404-1406 Clement VIII, 1423- 1429 Alexander V, 1409-1410

Gregory XII, 1406-1415 John XXIII, 1410-1415

Martin V, 1417-1431

After the Great Schism: 1415-1517

1436: The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

Resources
Primary Sources

The Concordat of Worms

Dictatus Papae

Marsilius of Padua: Defensor pacis

The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

Secondary Sources

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