The Investiture Controversy
- A.D. 1039-1056 Reign of Henry III
- 1046 Henry deposes three rival popes and begins a period of papal reform.
- 1056-1106 Reign of Henry IV.
- 1059 Papal election decree.
- 1073-1085 Pontificate of Gregory VII.
- 1075 Gregory VII bans lay investiture.
- 1076 Gregory VII excommunicates and deposes Henry IV.
- 1077 Confrontation at Canossa between Gregory VII and Henry IV.
- 1080 Gregory VII again excommunicates and deposes Henry IV.
- 1088-1099 Pontificate of Urban II.
- 1106-1125 Reign of Henry V.
- 1122 Concordat of Worms.
Later Struggles
- 1152-1190 Reign of Frederick I, Barbarossa.
- 1154-1159 Pontificate of Hadrian IV.
- 1159-1181 Pontificate of Alexander III.
- 1180 Frederick Barbarossa defeats Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony.
- 1190-1197 Reign of Henry VI.
- 1194 Henry VI becomes king of Sicily
- 1198-1216 Pontificate of Innocent III.
- 1211-1250 Reign of Frederick II.
- 1215 Fourth Lateran Council.
- 1273-1291 Reign of Rudolf of Hapsburg.
- 1294-1303 Pontificate of Boniface VIII.
- 1302 Boniface VIII decrees Unam Sanctam.
- 1303 Boniface VIII is humiliated at Anagni.
- 1305-1314 Pontificate of Clement V. Papacy is moved to Avignon.
The Babylonian Captivity: The Pope in Avignon
- Clement V, 1305-1314
- John XXII, 1316-1334
- Benedict XII, 1334-1342
- Clement VI, 1342-1352
- Innocent VI, 1352-1362
- Urban V, 1362-1370
- Gregory XI, 1370-1378
- The Popes in Rome Popes in Avignon Popes in Pisa
- Urban VI, 1378-1389 Clement VII, 1378-1394
- Boniface IX, 1389-1404 Benedict XIII, 1394- 1417
- Innocent VII, 1404-1406 Clement VIII, 1423- 1429 Alexander V, 1409-1410
- Gregory XII, 1406-1415 John XXIII, 1410-1415
- Martin V, 1417-1431
After the Great Schism: 1415-1517
- 1436: The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges
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