- 1789-1815: The French Revolution
- 1815-1848: An Age of Revolutions
- 1848-1871: The Consolidation of National States
- The First Industrial Revolution: Textiles and Steam: 1712-1830
- The Spread of the Industrial Revolution: 1830-1875
- The Second Industrial Revolution: Electricity and Chemicals: 1875-1905
- 1819: Oersted discovers electromagnetism
- 1859: On the Origin of Species is published
- 1905: Einstein publishes his special theory of relativity
- 1793: The Revolutionary government in France issues the levee en masse
- 1832: The Great Reform Bill reorganizes Parliament in Great Britain
- 1884: The Third French Republic legalizes trade unions
- 1894: The Dreyfus Affair begins in France
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