Foraging Societies

Settled Agriculture

Primary Urbanization

Classical Empires

• Early River Valley Empires
• Expansion and Contraction of Empires
• Cosmopolitan Empires

• Formation of Eurasian Ecumene
• Barbarian Invasions
• Islamic Expansion
• Mongol Dominance
• Second Islamic Age

Unification of the Hemispheres

• Voyages of Exploration
• Chinese Dominance
• The New Imperialism

Formation of World Culture

• Modern Western Civilization
• The New Imperialism
• The World Wars
• Decolonization
• After the Cold War

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"Primary Urbanization" refers to the first development of cities in a particular region. Generally speaking, historians believe that urban society was developed independently in at least six regions: Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, the Yangtze River Valley, Mesoamerica and the Andean Altiplano. From these original centers it diffused to the rest of the world.

c. 3,500 BC: Primary Urban Societies in Western Asia 6,000 BC: Jericho 3,500 BC: Beginning of Sumerian city-states c. 3,200 - 2,000 BC: Primary Urban Society in Africa 3,100 - 2,700 BC: Old Kingdom Egypt 200 BC: Height of Nok culture AD 400: Jenne-Jeno in Nigeria c. 3,000 - 1900 BC: Primary Urban Society in India 2,600 - 2,500 BC: Harappan Civilization at its height c. 1,500 - 1,000 BC: Primary Urban Society in China 1523 - 1027 BC: Xia dynasty 900 BC to 400 AD: Primary Urban Society in Central America 900 BC: Chavins unite Peru 800 BC: Olmecs unite Mesoamerica

Resources Primary Sources Sumerian Prayer Umma and Lagash: Inscription Babylonian Creation Myth Secondary Sources

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