Foraging Peoples

Settled Agriculture

Primary Urbanization

Early Mesopotamian Civilizations

Expansion and Contraction of Mesopotamian Empires

Hellenistic Kingdoms

Parthian Empire

Byzantine Empire

Sassanid Persia

Islamic Empires

© 2003 David Koeller. All rights reserved.

Cosmopolitan Empires in the Eastern Mediterranean

550 BC to AD 642

550-323 BC: Persian Empire

550: Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers the Medes

546: Cyrus conquers Asia Minor.

525: Cambyses conquers Egypt.

490: Battle of Marathon.

480: Xerxes invades Greece.

323-146 BC: Hellenistic Kingdoms

323: Ptolemy becomes ruler of Egypt (Ptolemaic Kingdom)

306: Seleucus founds the Seleucid Kingdom

276: Antigonus founds the Antigonid (Macedonia) Kingdom

c. 250 BC to AD 225: Parthian Empire

146 BC to AD 1453: Rome and Byzantium

509-31 BC The Roman Republic

27 BC- AD 312: The Roman Empire

312-1453: The Byzantine Empire

226-642: Sassanid Persia
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Resources

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Text copyright 1996-1999 by David W. Koeller. All rights reserved.